1. Describe the functions of blood.

Transportation:
- O2, CO2 etc.
- Water, urea etc.
- Hormones
- Enzymes
- Nutrients (sugar, fats, amino acids etc.)
- Blood cells

Maintain Body Temp:
- Keeps the body warm. Normal temperature: 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
Controls pH levels:
- pH in blood must be 6.8 to 7.4 or else cells will be damaged.

Removal of wastes
-carbon dioxide, urea, lactic acid

Protection
-White blood cells protect against infection
-Blood clotting

2. Describe the components of blood.

A) Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

Males have about 5.4 million, Females have about 4.8 million
hemoglobin carries oxygen and some CO2



B) White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - defend body against infection

Neutrophils - A type of white blood cell, specifically a form of granulocyte, filled with neutrally-staining granules which are tiny sacs of enzymes that help the cell to kill microorganisms. The neutrophil has a lifespan of roughly 3 days. Composes of seventy percent of all white blood cells


Lymphocytes - a type of white blood cell - characterized by a dark nucleus that leaves little room for cytoplasm - an increase in lymphocytes indicates a viral infection.


Monocytes - a type of white blood cell - uses phagocytosis
has a large bilobate nucleus

C) Plasma - liquid component of blood
helps regulate body temperature
RBC, WBC, platelets are suspended
About 55% of total blood volume
92% water, 8% plasma proteins

D) Platelets (thrombocytes) - involved in hemostasis that assist in blood clotting
release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and clotting

3. Explain blood clotting.

When blood vessels are cut or damaged they must be stopped before shock or possible death, the body does this through a method called coagulation or clotting. Blood clotting consists of platelets that come together in a network of insoluble fibrin molecules.
Platelet aggregation and fibrin formation require and enzyme thrombin.
Blood clotting is part of homeostasis where the platelets go to the injury and release fibrin to seal the injury and begins repairs. Blood clotting involves cellular and protein components and when a cut occurs; platelets immediately make a hemostatic plug (unmoving blood) which is called primary hemostasis.

Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms solid clots. It is an important part of hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel) whereby a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet - and fibrin-containing clot to stop bleeding and begin repair of the damaged vessel. Disorders of coagulation can lead to an increased risk of bleeding and/or clotting and embolism.

Coagulation is initiated almost instantly after an injury to the blood vessel damages the endothelium (lining of the vessel). Platelets immediately form a hemostatic plug at the site of injury; this is called primary hemostasis. Secondary hemostasis occurs simultaneously—proteins in the blood plasma, called coagulation factors, respond in a complex cascade to form fibrin strands which strengthen the platelet plug.

Clotting put simply: A blood vessel is damaged and a vascular spasm occurs. This is when the walls of the vessel will contract to minimize the amount of blood loss. Platelets will attatch themselves to the damaged walls and release a chemical which in turn attracts more and more platelets to create a protein plug. These platelets release chemicals that react with the proteins in the plasma and fibrin strands are formed to strengthen the platelet plug.

4. Understand blood typing.

• If a person is infused with blood that is not their type, the blood in the body will reject the infused blood and there will be severe amounts of blood clotting occurring.

5. Explain the tools and techniques used for diagnosis of heart diseases.

• Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG): Uses electrical impulses to measure the beating of the heart. Shows how fast the heart is beating.
  • What it reveals: heart attack, lack of blood flow to the heart muscle, heart that is beating irregularly, a heart that is not pumping forcefully enough.
    

6. Identify symptoms of a selection of heart diseases.

Coronary Artery Disease :
- Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries.
- Major reason for heart attacks
- Symptoms and signs are noted in the advanced state of disease
- Most individuals show no evidence of Coronary Artery Disease for decades as the disease progresses
before the first onset of symptoms, often a "sudden" heart attack, finally arise

Symptoms:
- Angina (Heart Pain)
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Fast or irregular heartbeat
- "cold sweat"
- Difficulty breathing

Congenital Heart Disease :
-Heart disease in a newborn child - includes structural defects
- CHD occurs when the heart or blood vessels near the heart does not develop properly before birth.
- Also the blood flow is obstructed in the heart of the vessels nearby, causing an abnormal flow of blood through
the heart. Blood flow obstructions put a strain on the heart muscle causing the heart to work harder and beat
faster.
- May cause problems over time, such as certain kinds of valve problems, transposition disorders, holes in the
heart, and abnormalities of the heart's major veins and arteries.

Symptoms:
- Shortness of breath
- Ability to exercise limited

Heart Failure: Congestive heart failure, congestive cardiac failure, or just heart failure, is a condition that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood through the body. Because not all patients have volume overload at the time of initial or subsequent evaluation, the term "heart failure" is preferred over the older term "congestive heart failure".

Congestive heart failure is often undiagnosed due to a lack of a universally agreed definition and difficulties in diagnosis, particularly when the condition is considered "mild". Even with the best therapy, heart failure is associated with an annual mortality of 10%. It is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65.

Hypertensive Heart Disease: Hypertensive heart disease is any of a number of complications of arterial hypertension that affect the heart. It is one of the most common causes of death in western societies.

Valvular Heart Disease: Valvular heart disease is any disease process involving one or more valves of the heart.

Symptoms:
- Chest discomfort
- Limited ability to exert
- Rapid heart beat


7. Describe the anatomy of a human heart.
Describe the Functions of Blood
Transportation: Oxygen and Carbon dioxide from the lungs to cells in the body, Nutrients from the gastrional tract to body cells, heat and waster products away from the cells, hormones to the other parts of the cells

Anatomy of the Heart
Superior Vena Cava: Oxygen-poor blood from the upper parts of the body returns to the heart through the superior vena cava. Aorta: Largest artery, carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Pulmonary Arteries: carry blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Left atrium: collects oxygen-rich blood returning from the lungs then forces it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Aortic valve: Controls blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. Left Ventricle: largest, strongest chamber. Walls are ½inch thick, but can push blood through aortic valve and into the body. Right Ventricle: collects oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium, forces it through the pulmonary valve into the lungs. Inferior vena cava: oxygen-poor blood from lower parts of the body returns to the heart through the inferior vena cava. Tricuspid valve: controls blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle. Right atrium: oxygen-poor blood returning from the body, forces it through tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. Pulmonary Veins: carry oxygen-rich blood from lungs back to the heart.

8. Explain how blood flows through the heart

Right Side		Left Side
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium.		The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich blood, from the lungs into the left atrium.
Atrial contraction: blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve. When the ventricles are full, the tricuspid valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atria while the ventricles contract (squeeze).		Atrial contraction: blood flows from your left atrium into your left ventricle through the open mitral valve. When the ventricles are full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atria while the ventricles contract (squeeze).
Ventricular contraction: blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs.		Ventricular contraction: blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body.
This pattern is repeated over and over, causing blood to flow continuously to the heart, lungs and body.

9. Measure heart rate and blood pressure.
To measure blood pressure you wrap a blood pressure cuff around the inside of your arm, around the elbow. You then place a stethoscope under the cuff. By squeezing the pressure bulb you increase the pressure and then let it out slowly, listening for the pressure at which you begin to hear the heartbeat, record this. Record again the pressure at which you stop hearing the heart beat.

10. Identify the components of blood using a microscope.
- Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
- White blood cells (leukocytes)
- Plasma
- Platelets

11. Compare the structure and function of the different types of blood vessels
a) arteries- The aorta is largest artery. They have thick wall that are very muscular and it moves blood away from the heart.
b) arterioles- A smaller artery that also moves blood away from the heart.
c) capillaries- Only the tunica intima. It branches off into very small blood vessels that contain no smooth muscle.
d) venules- Returns blood to the heart. They are porous so that WBC can leave and attack bacteria.
e) veins- Thinner with not much muscle that returns blood back to the heart.

12. Explain a disorder of the heart after research.
1. Ventricular Fibrillation (VF):
This is a sudden cardiac death, caused by ventricular fibrillation. This poses the greatest threat and accounts for half of all cardiac deaths. The heartbeat is rapid and chaotic,which causes the lower heart chambers, or ventricles, to go into a spasm. Sometimes a heart attack can lead to VF. VF is abrupt and happens without any warning and it halts all heart functioning.The lack of oxygen throughout the body, and especially to the brain, is deadly. Also known as cardiac arrest, sudden cardiac death is due to an electrical circuitry problem. It is not as the same as a heart attack, or myocardial infarction,which is a circulatory problem caused by clogged blood vessels that cut off the supply of blood to the heart.


13. Explain the relationship between exercise and the heart
Aerobics are any activity that works large body muscles for at least 20 minutes, raises cardiac output and accelerates metabolic rate. Sustained activities that count as aerobics increases the oxygen demand of the muscles. With this demand, it should increase maximal cardiac output which increases the maximal rate of oxygen delivery to the tissues. Oxygen delivery also rises because of skeletal muscles develop more capillary networks. Regular exercise also helps to stop reduce in blood pressure, anxiety, and depression; control weight; and increase body's ability to dissolve blood clots by increasing fibrinolythe.